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<title>Exploding-bridgewire detonator</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploding-bridgewire detonator</span></span>

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<p>The <b>exploding-bridgewire detonator</b> (<b>EBW</b>, also known as <b>exploding wire detonator</b>) is a type of <a href="Detonator" title="Detonator">detonator</a> used to initiate the <a href="Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a> reaction in <a href="Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosive materials</a>, similar to a <a href="Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting cap</a> because it is fired using an electric current. EBWs use a different physical mechanism than blasting caps, using more electricity delivered much more rapidly. They explode with more precise timing after the electric current is applied by the process of <a href="Exploding_wire_method" title="Exploding wire method">exploding wire</a>. The precise timing of exploding wire detonators compared with other types of detonators has led to their common use in <a href="Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Slapper_detonator" title="Slapper detonator">slapper detonator</a> is a more recent development along similar lines.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The EBW was invented by <a href="Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a> and <a href="Lawrence_H._Johnston" title="Lawrence H. Johnston">Lawrence Johnston</a> for the <a href="Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>–type bombs of the <a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, during their work in <a href="Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>. The Fat Man Model 1773 EBW detonators used an unusual, high reliability detonator system with two EBW "horns" attached to a single booster charge, which then fired each of the 32 explosive lens units.<sup id="cite_ref-Coster-Mullen_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coster-Mullen-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RISI-History_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISI-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

<p>EBWs were developed as a means of detonating multiple explosive charges simultaneously, mainly for use in <a href="Nuclear_weapon_design#Implosion-type_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon design">plutonium-based nuclear weapons</a> in which a plutonium core (called a <i><a href="Plutonium_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutonium pit">pit</a></i>) is compressed very rapidly. This is achieved via conventional explosives placed uniformly around the pit. The implosion must be highly symmetrical or the plutonium would simply be ejected at the low-pressure points. Consequently, the detonators must have very precise timing.

</p><p>An EBW has two main parts: a piece of fine wire which contacts the explosive, and a <a href="High-voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="High-voltage">high-voltage</a> high-current low-impedance <a href="Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> source; it must reliably and consistently supply a rapid starting pulse. When the wire is connected across this voltage, the resulting high <a href="Current_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Current (electricity)">current</a> melts and then vaporizes the wire in a few microseconds. The resulting shock and heat initiate the <a href="High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="nochecker bordered-images whitebg gallery mw-gallery-traditional">

<div class="gallerytext">Trinity Gadget</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Closeup of a detonator set. The EBW is the Y-shaped device with two wires coming in at angles along the surface. The larger round objects with two wires coming out perpendicular to the surface are diagnostic equipment.</div>

</li>

</ul></div></div></div>

<p>This accounts for the heavy cables seen in photos of the <a href="Trinity_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity site">Trinity</a> "<a href="The_gadget" class="mw-redirect" title="The gadget">Gadget</a>"; high voltage cable requires good insulation and they had to deliver a large current with little voltage drop, lest the EBW not achieve the phase transition quickly enough.

</p><p>The precise timing of EBWs is achieved by the detonator using direct physical effects of the vaporized bridgewire to initiate detonation in the detonator's booster charge. Given a sufficiently high and well-controlled amount of electric current and voltage, the timing of the bridgewire vaporization is both extremely short (a few microseconds) and extremely precise and predictable (standard deviation of time to detonate as low as a few tens of nanoseconds).

</p><p>Conventional <a href="Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting caps</a> use electricity to heat a bridge wire rather than vaporize it, and that heating then causes the primary explosive to detonate. Imprecise contact between the bridgewire and the primary explosive changes how quickly the explosive is heated up, and minor electrical variations in the wire or leads will change how quickly it heats up as well. The heating process typically takes milliseconds to tens of milliseconds to complete and initiate detonation in the primary explosive. This is roughly 1,000 to 10,000 times longer and less precise than the EBW electrical vaporization.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_nuclear_weapons">Use in nuclear weapons</h3></div>

<p>Since explosives detonate at typically 7–8 kilometers per second, or 7–8 meters per millisecond, a 1 millisecond delay in detonation from one side of a nuclear weapon to the other would be longer than the time the detonation would take to cross the weapon. The time precision and consistency of EBWs (0.1 microsecond or less) are roughly enough time for the detonation to move 1 millimeter at most, and for the most precise commercial EBWs this is 0.025 microsecond and about 0.2 mm variation in the detonation wave. This is sufficiently precise for very tight tolerance applications such as nuclear weapon <a href="Explosive_lens" title="Explosive lens">explosive lenses</a>.

</p><p>In the US, due to their use in nuclear weapons, these devices are subject to nuclear control authorities, according to the Guidelines for the Export of Nuclear Material, Equipment and Technology. EBWs are on the <a href="United_States_Munitions_List" title="United States Munitions List">United States Munitions List</a>, and exports are highly regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-RISI-Export_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISI-Export-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_use">Civilian use</h3></div>

<p>EBWs have found uses outside nuclear weapons, such as the <a href="Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">Titan IV</a> missile,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> safety conscious applications where stray electrical currents might detonate normal blasting caps, and applications requiring very precise timing for multiple point commercial blasting in mines or quarries.<sup id="cite_ref-RISI-Models_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RISI-Models-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EBW detonators are much safer than regular electric detonators because, unlike regular detonators, EBWs do not have primary explosives. Primary explosives such as <a href="Lead_azide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead azide">lead azide</a> are very sensitive to static electricity, radio frequency, shock, etc.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_operation">Mechanism of operation</h2></div>

<p>The bridgewire is usually made of <a href="Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, but <a href="Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> or gold/platinum alloys can also be used. The most common commercial wire size is 0.038 mm (1.5 <a href="Thousandth_of_an_inch" title="Thousandth of an inch">mils</a>) in diameter and 1 mm (40 mils) in length, but lengths ranging from 0.25 mm to 2.5 mm (10 mils to 100 mils) can be encountered. From the available explosives, only <a href="PETN" class="mw-redirect" title="PETN">PETN</a> at low densities can be initiated by sufficiently low shock to make its use practical in commercial systems as a part of the EBW initiator. It can be chained with another <a href="Explosive_booster" title="Explosive booster">explosive booster</a>, often a pellet of <a href="Tetryl" title="Tetryl">tetryl</a>, <a href="RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a> or some <a href="Polymer-bonded_explosive" title="Polymer-bonded explosive">PBX</a> (e.g., PBX 9407). Detonators without such booster are called <i>initial pressing detonators</i> (IP detonators).

</p><p>During initiation, the wire heats with the passing current until melting point is reached. The heating rate is high enough that the liquid metal has no time to flow away, and heats further until it vaporizes. During this phase the electrical resistance of the bridgewire assembly rises. Then an <a href="Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a> forms in the metal vapor, leading to drop of electrical resistance and sharp growth of the current, quick further heating of the ionized metal vapor, and formation of a <a href="Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a>. To achieve the melting and subsequent vaporizing of the wire in time sufficiently short to create a shock wave, a current rise rate of at least 100 amperes per microsecond is required.

</p><p>If the current rise rate is lower, the bridge may burn, perhaps causing deflagration of the PETN pellet, but it will not cause detonation. PETN-containing EBWs are also relatively insensitive to a static electricity discharge. Their use is limited by the thermal stability range of PETN. <a href="Slapper_detonator" title="Slapper detonator">Slapper detonators</a>, which can use high density <a href="Hexanitrostilbene" title="Hexanitrostilbene">hexanitrostilbene</a>, may used in temperatures up to almost 300 °C (572 °F) in environments ranging from vacuum to high pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper-Intro_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-Intro-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Firing_system">Firing system</h2></div>

<p>The EBW and the slapper detonator are the safest known types of detonators, as only a very high-current fast-rise pulse can successfully trigger them. However, they require a bulky power source for the current surges required. The extremely short rise times are usually achieved by discharging a low-<a href="Inductance" title="Inductance">inductance</a>, high-capacitance, high-voltage <a href="Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> (e.g., oil-filled, Mylar-foil, or ceramic) through a suitable switch (<a href="Spark_gap" title="Spark gap">spark gap</a>, <a href="Thyratron" title="Thyratron">thyratron</a>, <a href="Krytron" title="Krytron">krytron</a>, etc.) into the bridge wire. A very rough approximation for the capacitor is a rating of 5 kilovolts and 1 microfarad, and the peak current ranges between 500 and 1000 amperes.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high voltage may be generated using a <a href="Marx_generator" title="Marx generator">Marx generator</a>. Low-<a href="Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> capacitors and low-impedance <a href="Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cables</a> are required to achieve the necessary current rise rate.

</p><p>The <a href="Flux_compression_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Flux compression generator">flux compression generator</a> is one alternative to capacitors. When fired, it creates a strong <a href="Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">electromagnetic pulse</a>, which is inductively coupled into one or more secondary coils connected to the bridge wires or slapper foils. A low energy density capacitor equivalent to a compression generator would be roughly the size of a soda can. The energy in such a capacitor would be <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">

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</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>·C·V<sup>2</sup>, which for the above-mentioned capacitor is 12.5 J. (By comparison, a defibrillator delivers ~200 J from 2 kV and perhaps 20 μF.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flash-strobe in a disposable camera is typically 3 J from a 300 V capacitor of 100 μF.)

</p><p>In a fission bomb, the same or similar circuit is used for powering the <a href="Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">neutron generator</a>, the initial source of <a href="Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission neutrons</a>.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Nuclear_weapon_design#Implosion-type_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon design">Nuclear weapon design – Implosion-type weapon</a></li>

<li><a href="Triggering_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Triggering sequence">Triggering sequence</a></li>

<li><a href="Slapper_detonator" title="Slapper detonator">Slapper detonator</a> (A further development of the exploding-bridgewire detonator)</li>

<li><a href="Electrothermal-chemical_technology" title="Electrothermal-chemical technology">Electrothermal-chemical technology</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFCooper1996" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Paul W. (1996). "Exploding bridgewire detonators". <i>Explosives Engineering</i>. Wiley-VCH. pp. <span class="nowrap">353–</span>367. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-18636-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFCoster-Mullen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="John_Coster-Mullen" title="John Coster-Mullen">Coster-Mullen, John</a> (2002). "Chapter 5: Fat Man". <i>Atom Bombs: The Top Secret Inside Story of Little Boy and Fat Man</i>. John Coster-Mullen. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>66, <span class="nowrap">218–</span>220. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51283880">51283880</a>. ASIN B0006S2AJ0.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RISI-History-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RISI-History_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006013132/http://www.teledynerisi.com/1techtopics/pdf/0593.pdf">"RISI Industries Technical Topics 05-93 History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. RISI Industries. May 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teledynerisi.com/1techtopics/pdf/0593.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 6, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RISI-Export-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RISI-Export_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226071620/http://www.teledynerisi.com/1techtopics/pdf/1193.pdf">"RISI Technical Topics 11-92 ATF Licenses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teledynerisi.com/1techtopics/pdf/1193.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 February 2007.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://neyersoftware.com/Papers/AIAA96/HVD.htm">"AIAA 96-2874 Development and Qualification Testing of the High Voltage Detonator"</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RISI-Models-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RISI-Models_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106140347/http://www.teledynerisi.com/products/0products_1ebw_page10.asp">"Teledyne RISI - Selecting the Right EBW Detonator"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teledynerisi.com/products/0products_1ebw_page10.asp">the original</a> on 6 January 2009.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFCooper1996" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Paul W. (1996). "Chapter 4.5 Exploding bridgewire detonators". <i>Introduction to the Technology of Explosives</i>. Wiley-VCH. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0471186359</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813164037/http://class.phys.psu.edu/251Recitations/02_Electric_Potential/Capacitance/Capacitance-Defibrillator.pdf">"Capacitance and Currents — Defibrillator"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://class.phys.psu.edu/251Recitations/02_Electric_Potential/Capacitance/Capacitance-Defibrillator.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-05-17</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq4-1.html">Elements of Fission Weapon Design, section 4.1.6.2.2.6</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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